Bernays was born in Weisenau (now part of
Mainz). He was the son of Jacob Gera, a boarding house keeper at
Mainz, and an elder brother of
Adolphus Bernays. After having finished his studies at the
University of Würzburg, in which city he had been also a disciple of the Talmudist Rabbi
Abraham Bing, he went to
Munich as private tutor in the house of Herr von Hirsch, and afterward lived at Mainz as a private scholar. In 1821 he was elected chief rabbi of the German-Jewish community in Hamburg, to fill a position where a man of strictly Orthodox views but of modern education was wanted as head of the congregation. After personal negotiations with
Lazarus Riesser, who went to see him in Mainz, Bernays accepted the office on characteristic terms; namely, that all the religious and educational institutions of the community were to be placed under his personal direction; he wanted to be responsible to the government only. Besides this he required a fixed salary, independent of incidental revenues, and wished to be called "clerical functionary" or "Chakam," as the usual titles, "moreh Tzedek" or "rabbi" were commonly employed by leaders of the Reform Movement, and as such were negated.
In 1822 he began the reform of the Talmud Torah school, where the poorer children of the community had until then been taught Hebrew and arithmetic. He added lessons in German, natural science, geography, and history as important parts of the curriculum, and by 1827 what had formerly been merely a religious class had been changed to a good elementary public school. The council of the community wanted to take a greater part in the supervision of the course of instruction, and in consequence of differences with the Chakam resulting from these claims, they withdrew the subvention of the school in 1830; but through the intervention of the
senate of Hamburg this was again granted in 1832, though Bernays was denied the presidential seat he had till then occupied in the council of the school and was made instead "ephorus" of the school. In 1849 he died suddenly of
apoplexy, and was buried in the Grindel cemetery.
Influence[edit]
Bernays possessed wide philosophical views, a rare knowledge of the Bible,
Midrash, and
Talmud, and an admirable flow of language: he was indeed a born orator. He was the first Orthodox German rabbi who introduced the German sermon into the service, and who tried to interpret the old Jewish feeling in modern form and to preserve the ancestral creed even in cultured circles. His antagonists were therefore to be found in the ranks of the "mainstream" ultra-Orthodoxy as well as among the radical Reformers of the
Hamburg Temple, the
Reform synagogue founded in 1818, against whose new prayer-book Bernays had
pronounced an anathema in 1841. By lectures on the Psalms, on
Judah ha-Levi's
Kuzari etc., he tried to strengthen and to deepen the religious life of the community, the institutions of which he supervised very carefully. His influence was felt in the Hamburg community, where Jewish traditions and the study of Jewish literature are often found united with modern education.
Bernays left no literary works. A small anonymous essay, "Der Bibelsche Orient"—of great linguistic learning and original and wide historical views on Judaism—was supposed to have been written by him in early years; but he denied the authorship, and never in later life showed any conformity with the views of the little book.
Of his sons, the philologist
Jacob Bernays, professor and chief librarian at the University of Bonn, kept faithful to the religious views of his father, while the literary historian
Michael Bernays, who was only fourteen-years-old on his father's death, was converted to Christianity. One of his sons, Louis Bernays is mentioned in the annals of the Jewish Community of Baden, Switzerland, as one of its ten founders in the year 1859.
Bernays' son Berman (1826–1879), who was also faithful to the religious views of his father, raised his daughter
Martha Bernays (1861–1951) in the Jewish faith, but she later joined her husband
Sigmund Freud in his religious antipathy. In her late years, she returned to the Jewish tradition.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- Haarbleicher, Zwei Epochen aus der Geschichte der Deutsch-Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Hamburg, Hamburg, 1867;
- T. Goldschmidt, The Talmud Torah School Under the Chacham, Bernays (inedited)
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